This course is offered each Fall semester by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Aarhus University as part of our Photonics Teaching Program.
Photonic integration is changing how light is generated, guided, and controlled on a chip, enabling faster communication, compact sensors, and emerging quantum technologies. This course takes you through that full journey.
We begin with the physics of light–matter interaction and semiconductor bandgaps, then move into device principles such as PN junctions, optical confinement, and laser dynamics. You will explore waveguides, amplifiers, and resonators, see how materials and fabrication shape performance, and extend these ideas to visible, mid-infrared, and deep-UV photonics.
Teaching combines lectures, problem-solving sessions, simulations, and live laboratory demonstrations. Guest lectures from researchers and engineers link classroom concepts to current photonics research and industry developments in Denmark and abroad.
By the end of the semester, you will have designed and analyzed your own photonic integrated circuit (PIC), connecting physical insight with practical device engineering.
This course offers a comprehensive dive into cutting-edge photonic technologies, covering:
The course combines lectures, exercises, and lab demos, culminating in a design study for the final evaluation.
This course aims to provide students with a deep understanding of the fundamental principles and practical applications of photonic devices. It covers topics such as light-matter interaction, laser technology, semiconductor optical amplifiers, and more. Students will engage in design studies, hands-on exercises, and lab demonstrations, enhancing practical skills and theoretical knowledge. This course is ideal for those looking to innovate in telecommunications, sensing, and other high-tech industries.
By the end of this course, participants will:
ECTS credits: 10
Prerequisites: Prior knowledge of electromagnetism and optics.
Program requirement: Active participation is mandatory.
Assessment: Oral exam is based on a written report centered on a design study incorporating one or more photonic devices. Grading follows the seven-point scale and includes an internal co-examiner.
Course coordinator: Nick Volet
During the Fall semester: August – December, 2026.
Aug. 25 + Aug. 27 + Aug. 28 (week 35)
Course introduction and overview
Introduction to EMode Photonix
Two-level systems, absorption and spontaneous emission
Dispersion and scattering
Virtual states and nonlinear processes
→ Start survey: We’re excited to begin this semester with you! To help us better tailor the course to your needs and interests, we’d love to hear your expectations and any suggestions you may have. Your feedback is valuable, and the survey is completely anonymous. Please share your thoughts by clicking this link.
Sept. 1 + Sept. 3 + Sept. 4 (week 36)
Bandgap and transparency (crystal vs amorphous)
Key semiconductor platforms (Si, GaAs, InP, silica)
Practical devices (InGaAs detectors, InP lasers, GaAs LEDs/solar cells)
Waveguides and optical fibers
Waveguides and optical fibers (modes, polarization, losses)
Power and units (dB, dBm)
Global context (submarine fiber networks)
Sept. 8 + Sept. 10 + Sept. 11 (week 37)
Incandescence (thermal emission) and luminescence
Stimulated emission
Laser principle: population inversion, threshold, and cavity feedback
Optical modes and coherence
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), superluminescent diodes (SLDs), and laser diodes
Spectral properties: linewidth, free spectral range (FSR), and side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR)
Device structure and packaging, thermal management, and reliability
Semiconductor doping, and diode laser history
PN junction fundamentals, electron–hole recombination
I–V characteristics
Sept. 15 + Sept. 17 + Sept. 18 (week 38)
Carrier and photon confinement
PIN junctions, and double heterostructures
Quantum wells and superlattices
Quantum cascade lasers
Quantum dots
Photonic crystals and structural color
Refractive index control and carrier effects
Kramers–Kronig relations
Nonlinear optics (Kerr effect)
Quantum tunneling and tunnel junctions
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs): design and applications
Epitaxial growth and wafer-scale integration
III–V semiconductors and material foundations
→ Sept. 18 (Thursday): Deadline to submit group abstracts
Sept. 22 + Sept. 24 + Sept. 25 (week 39)
→ Sept. 22 (Monday): Feedback on submitted abstracts: PDF – PPT
Silicon, indium phosphide (InP), AlGaAs, InGaAsP, etc.
Wafer fabrication, lattice matching, bandgap engineering
Distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), phase shifts
Process Design Kit (PDK), Multi-Project Wafer (MPW), photonic integration
Sept. 29 + Oct. 1 + Oct. 2 (week 40)
Epitaxial growth: Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) vs Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE), lattice matching, strain and dislocations, quantum dots, wafer bonding, and heterogeneous integration
Blue laser diodes, GaN substrates, quantum wells, green gap, frequency doubling
Blu-ray technology, industrial applications, metal cutting
→ Oct. 6 (Monday): Deadline to submit group reports
Greenhouse-gas absorption and atmospheric transmission; molecular absorption; HITRAN database; mid-IR light generation with quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and difference-frequency generation (DFG); applications in gas sensing, free-space communication, and quantum frequency conversion.
→ Oct. 8 (Wednesday): Group presentations
Extra topics
Deep-UV photonics: Lasers, fibers and detectors. Nonlinear crystals and lithography
Pulses
Modulators. Side-band generation.
Modulation formats. Coherent communications.
Q-switching.
SESAMs: Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror.
Spiking and neuron networks
Steering
Scanners, optical phased arrays (OPAs).
Light detection and ranging (LIDAR).
Scattering
Brillouin effect and distributed optical sensing.
Raman spectroscopy.
Oct. 22 (Wednesday): R-Day starts at 12:30 at the Clarke Building (5122-122).
R-Day is an open forum for students and researchers at ECE to meet, share ideas, and explore ongoing research activities. The event aims to inspire collaboration and raise awareness of the research taking place within the department.
Oct. 27 + Oct. 29 + Oct. 30 (week 44)
Laser steady-state behavior, gain clamping, output power–current (LI) characteristics
Turn-on delay and small-signal modulation
Linearization of rate equations, transfer functions
Relaxation oscillations, bandwidth limits
Wavelength and material choices, packaging effects
Eye diagrams, and modern modulation formats (PAM-4)
Nov. 3 + Nov. 5 + Nov. 6 (week 45)
→ Nov. 5 (Wednesday, 23:59): Deadline to submit individual abstracts
Infrared C-band: scattering, attenuation, and zero-dispersion point.
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs).
→ Nov. 6 (Thursday, during class): Feedback on submitted abstracts
Nov. 10 + Nov. 12 + Nov. 13 (week 46)
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), coarse and dense WDM, and future integrated amplifiers.
Transverse confinement factor. Net gain and saturation.
Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Small-signal gain factor.
Nov. 17 + Nov. 19 + Nov. 20 (week 47)
Electro-optic effects. Pockels cells. Phase modulation using EO modulators (EOMs). Generation of optical sidebands. Material platforms: indium phosphide (InP), lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI). Applications in high-speed and quantum photonics.
Isolators and circulators.
Stabilization loop: Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) method.
Nov. 24 + Nov. 26 + Nov. 27 (week 48)
🎤→ Nov. 24 (Monday) at 10:00:
Guest lecture by Søren Stobbe, Professor at DTU Electro, Founder and Chief Scientific Officer at Beamfox Technologies
"Subwavelength confinement of light in dielectrics"
Abstract: PDF
Dec. 1 + Dec. 3+4 (week 49)
Course recap, exam prep, student project rehearsal, and future opportunities in photonics.
🎤→ Dec. 1 (Monday) at 10:15:
Guest lecture by Peter Tønning, Senior System Engineer at UV Medico
"Far-UVC: current and future developments"
→ Dec. 3+4 (Wednesday+Thursday): Individual presentations (rehearsal)
→ Dec. 10 (Wednesday, 23:59): Deadline to submit final individual reports
We hope you enjoyed this course, and we want to improve next semester.
Please take a few minutes to answer this Google survey (anonymous).
Thanks!
Nick, Asger, Jeppe, Lucas, and Pedro
We use EMode Photonix to simulate and analyze waveguide modes.
👉 Click here for instructions and resources to get started with EMode Photonix.
Assessment is based on an oral exam and a written report centered on a design study incorporating photonic integrated circuits.
Key dates:
– November 5 (Wednesday, week 45): Deadline to submit your abstract
– December 3 (Wednesday, week 49): Individual presentations (rehearsal)
– December 10 (Wednesday, week 50): Deadline to submit your final report
Students wishing to be examined this semester must submit their abstract and report to Nick Volet by email before the above deadlines.
Exam format:
– Oral exam, total duration 20 min
– 10-min presentation followed by 10 min of questions
Further information is available via the study portal.
Slides and other files are available at this SharePoint site.
LaTeX files (for booklets and exercises) are available at this Overleaf project.
